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    Disentangling population genetic and climatic effects on skull size and shape of brown hares, Lepus europaeus (Lagomorpha: Leporidae), from Türkiye
    (Zoologischer Anzeiger, 2023) Demirbaş, Yasin; Koca, Ayça Özkan; Stefanovic, Milomir; Smith, Steve; Suchentrunk, Franz
    Brown hares (Lepus europaeus) from Türkiye exhibit substantial phenotypic variation, assumingly connected to regional climate differences. We used general linear models (GLMs) of linear measurements and geometric morphometric data of dorsal and ventral skull and lateral mandible landmarks of 160 adult individuals from 75 locations across Türkiye, to specifically test for climate-related effects on skull size and shape, while accounting for potentially confounding effects of sex, geographic location, and population genetic assignment. We found a moderate positive correlation between individual condylobasal lengths (CBL) and centroid size scores (CSS) and used them separately as dependent skull size variables in our GLMs. Skull shape factors were obtained from principal component analyses (PCAs), separately for transformed linear morphometric and landmark data; they were also used as dependent variables in our GLMs, along with sex, geographic sampling coordinates, CBL or CSS, as well as temperature and precipitation factors from PCAs of local climate data as fixed factors. Our multivariate GLMs returned no climate effect on skull size and only one minor precipitation effect on geometric skull shape. Rather, skull size and shape were predominantly and significantly affected by the assignment of the hares to the genetic populations as determined by an earlier microsatellite study. Our results correspond to microphylogeographic differentiation of skull size and shape of the studied hares, largely indepedent of specific adaptation to local or regional climate.
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    Mitochondrial DNA control region variability of wild boar Sus scrofa with various external phenotypes in Turkey
    (TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2016) Demirbas, Yasin; Ozkan Koca, Ayca; Pamukoglu, Nahit; Sert, Hakan; Suchentrunk, Franz
    The wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is distributed across most parts of Turkey, a major biogeographic crossroads connecting Southwest Asia and Southeast Europe. However, no information on genetic diversity and population structure of this species in Turkey is available. In this study, we report on mtDNA sequence variability and phylogenetic relationships among wild boars with variable external phenotypes from both its European (Turkish Thrace) and Asian (Anatolia) distributions in Turkey. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA D-loop sequences (413 bp) of 53 newly sequenced wild boars from different localities in Turkey and 432 wild boar sequences from various geographic origins downloaded from GenBank were performed to particularly compare the phylogeographic position of wild boars from the European part of the Turkish range with that of specimens from Anatolia and to explore a possible phylogeographic substructuring in Anatolia. Relatively high genetic diversity was found in the Turkish samples, with a total of 17 haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed partitioning of the currently found Turkish haplotypes into two haplogroups, which were, however, only partially concordant with the geographic origins of samples (central and southwestern Anatolia vs. Turkish Thrace and northeastern and southeastern Anatolia). A median-joining network grouped most Turkish haplotypes with those previously reported from the Near East, whereas the remaining two haplotypes were included in the European 1 haplogroup. The combined phylogenetic analysis of the currently obtained sequences and all sequences retrieved from GenBank supported the earlier findings of four major haplogroups. The present study will serve as a baseline for more comprehensive studies to understand phylogenetic relationships of wild boars in Turkey and the Near East.
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    Spatial genetics of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) from Turkey: Different gene pool architecture on either side of the Bosphorus?
    (ELSEVIER GMBH, 2019) Demirbas, Yasin; Albayrak, Irfan; Koca, Ayca Ozkan; Stefanovic, Milomir; Knauer, Felix; Suchentrunk, Franz
    We determined allelic variation at eleven microsatellite loci to study the effect of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles on the population genetic architecture of brown hares, Lepus europaeus, from Anatolia and Turkish Thrace in the southeastern most Balkans. The latter region was connected with Anatolia during periods of the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene (until ca. 8000 y BP) enabling natural gene flow. Following a recent mitochondrial (mt) DNA-based phylogeographic model that suggested unidirectional ancient gene flow from Anatolia to the SE Balkans, we expected lower genetic diversity in hares from Turkish Thrace than Anatolia. The Turkish Thrace population might have been established only relatively recently as natural northwestward expansion of a long existing Anatolian population. Alternatively, it might have received late Pleistocene or Holocene gene flow by hares from eastern Europe from north of the Black Sea, even after the formation of the marine barrier. This might have produced a notable genetic distinction between the hares from either side of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. We found significantly lower allelic richness in hares from Turkish Thrace than Anatolia, very little genetic admixture in the Turkish Thrace population, and only one allele at low frequency in Turkish Thrace that was not observed in Anatolian hares. On the contrary, many alleles of Anatolian hares were not recovered in hares from Turkish Thrace. Nevertheless, genetic divergence (Fst, Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards distances, AMOVA) between the hares from either side of the current marine barrier was low (Fst values <10%). All findings accord to our initial hypothesis that the hares from Turkish Thrace represent merely a somewhat genetically depleted version of the Anatolian hares. Seemingly, no strong drift has occurred in the Turkish Thrace population since the break-up of the Holocene landbridge, and there is no indication of gene flow from other regions in (eastern) Europe into the Turkish Thrace population. Spatial genetic approaches and standard population genetics (BAPS, GENELAND, STRUCTURE, F-statistics, Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards distances) indicated significant spatial genetic differentiation of hares across Anatolia, but also on a very low level. Overall, our results are concordant with the latest mtDNA based model of ancient gene flow in hares only from Anatolia to the southeastern Balkans across the Pleistocene and early Holocene landbridge; this implies that most or all of the Balkans have been colonized by hares exclusively originating eventually from Anatolia. (C) 2018 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.