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    Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Acetone Extracts of Usnea sp. against Mixed Cultures of Bacteria from Soak Liquor Samples and Tank Surfaces
    (Amer Leather Chemists Assoc, 2020) Berber, D.; Turkmenoğlu, Ipek; Sesal, Nuzhet Cenk
    Long-term or improper use of antibacterial agents utilized in the soaking process has led to the resistance of some bacteria in the leather industry. New agents may be the solution to combat these antibacterial resistant bacteria in the soaking process. As a natural resource, lichens are known to have many biological activities. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the acetone extracts of several lichen species including Usnea sp. may have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against some Bacillus species, which were isolated from different soak liquor samples. In the present study, it was questioned whether the same bioactivities of acetone extracts of Usnea sp. can be seen in the mixed cultures of tank surface samples and pre-and main soak liquor samples, which were obtained from different tanneries. Although the extracts did not show noteworthy antibacterial effect against one of the tank surface samples (inhibition ratios; 6.5-16.22%), inhibition percentages were detected as 69.32 and 46.33 at the concentrations of 240 and 120 mu g/mL for the other tank surface sample. The anti-biofilm potential of the extracts was tested on the sample where the antibacterial activity of the extracts was not observed. One of the mixed culture of samples from the tank surface could not be inhibited by the extracts in terms of bacterial growth. However, the extracts were tested on this biofilm-forming sample and detected more than 50% inhibition. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited the growth of the mixed culture of bacteria from pre-soak liquor by the percentages of 78.96, 61.5, 51.3, 45.1, and 33.4 at the concentrations of 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15 mu g/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the same antibacterial efficacy could not be observed in the other mixed culture from presoak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery whereas this sample formed a biofilm structure. The mixed culture of samples from the main soaking process was inhibited by the extracts at the inhibition percentages of 62.13-78.17 at the concentrations of 240- 30 mu g/mL. Similar results were also obtained for the other sample (64.6-76.5%) from main soak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery. In conclusion, lichen extracts may have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against the mixed culture of bacteria from tank surface, pre-and main soak liquor samples and maybe alternatively utilized in the leather industry.
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    Antibacterial Potential of Six Lichen Species against Enterococcus durans from Leather Industry Evaluation of acetone extracts obtained from several lichen species as alternative natural antibacterial agents
    (Johnson Matthey Publ Ltd Co, 2020) Berber, Didem; Turkmenoğlu, Ipek; Sesal, Nuzhet Cenk
    Antibacterial resistant bacteria are a significant problem in the hide or skin soaking process due to their destructive properties on finished leather. Lichens may be a solution to overcome this resistance problem. Enterococcus durans (99.86%) was isolated from soak liquor samples. For screening of possible antibacterial effects of lichen acetone extracts, six lichen species (Hypogymnia tubulosa, H. physodes, Evernia divaricata, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Parmelia sulcata and Usnea sp.) were examined by nine-fold dilution against E. durans. H. tubulosa, H. physodes and E. divaricata extracts showed antibacterial effects at the concentrations of 240 mu g ml(-1), 120 mu g ml(-1) and 60 mu g ml(-1) whereas the extracts of P. furfuracea had an antibacterial effect at 240 mu g ml(-1) and 120 mu g ml(-1). On the other hand, P. sulcata had no antibacterial effect. The most successful lichen extract was determined to be Usnea sp. at the concentrations of 240 mu g ml(-1), 120 mu g ml(-1), 60 mu g ml(-1), 30 mu g ml(-1) and 15 mu g ml(-1). In conclusion, lichen extracts seem to have potential antibacterial efficacies against E. durans.
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    Evaluation of Antibacterial Potencies of Eight Lichen Extracts Against Gram-Positive Moderately Halophilic Bacteria
    (Johnson Matthey Publ Ltd Co, 2023) Toksöz, Orçun; Turkmenoğlu, Ipek; Berber, Didem; Caglayan, Pınar; Birbir, Meral; Sesal, Nuzhet Cenk
    The leather sector has global economic importance. Overcoming microbiological problems, especially arising from halophilic bacteria, will greatly reduce product losses. In this study, lichen species including Usnea sp., Platismatia glauca, Ramalina farinacea, Evernia divaricata, Bryoria capillaris, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Lobaria pulmonaria were examined for their antibacterial efficacies against Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus (TR5) and Salinicoccus roseus (KV3) which are proteolytic and lipolytic Gram-positive moderately halophilic bacteria. The extracts of P. glauca, B. capillaris, P. furfuracea and L. pulmonaria had no antibacterial efficacy against the test bacteria. On the other hand, the extracts of H. tubulosa, R. farinacea, Usnea sp. and E. divaricata had considerable antibacterial effect with varying percentages of inhibition. The maximum inhibition ratios at the tested concentrations of 15-240 mu g ml(-1) for lichen samples of H. tubulosa, R. farinacea, Usnea sp. and E. divaricata were detected as 94.72 +/- 0.75%, 76.10 +/- 1.85%, 99.36 +/- 0.04%, 89.49 +/- 2.26% for TR5 and 97.44 +/- 0.14%, 95.92 +/- 0.29%, 97.97 +/- 0.39%, 97.58 +/- 0.53% for KV3, respectively. The most remarkable suppression was obtained with Usnea sp. extracts against KV3. These results indicate the need for further studies investigating the applicability of these natural resources to control moderately halophilic bacteria in the preservation of raw hides and skins.