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    Adolescents victims of bullying. Presentation of a methodology for an international research
    (Masson Editeur, 2019) Rogues, Marjorie; Do Amparo, Deise Matos; Zabci, Neslihan; Drieu, Didier; Rebelo, Teresa; Cosseron, Florent
    Introduction. - Bullying is a complex and global phenomenon. It is estimated that 100 to 600 million adolescents are affected worldwide. Many studies have examined bullying over the past twenty years, but French publications remain rare. Objectives. - The objectives of this article are to clarify the definition of bullying in order to circumscribe the framework of our qualitative research, and to present the methodology of an international research currently underway. Patients and methods. - Our sample consists of 40 ou 50 French, Brazilian and Turkish adolescents. These patients have the following characteristics: they are aged 12 to 18 years; they are consultants in specialized centers; they are interviewed at least three months after bullying has stopped, for ethical reasons and in order to evaluate the PTSD according to international classifications; finally, they show clinical signs related of psychological suffering to the trauma and traces of a controlling relationship. The criteria for non-inclusion are as follows: severe psychiatric disorders (active delusional pathologies), bullying still ongoing. In order to test our first hypothesis regarding the study of psychological and family vulnerabilities, we chose several tools: the non-directive research interview and the projective tests Rorschach, TAT, family drawing and house drawing. In order to test our second hypothesis regarding the consequences of bullying, namely the study of symptoms of post-traumatic stress, we chose three tools: the non-directive research interview, the TraumaQ and the SCL-90. Results. - Following a review of the literature and in support of our clinical practice and the initial data from this research, we discussed complementary criteria for defining bullying, in addition to those usually mentioned, in other words: repetition, intensity, frequency and the power of imbalance. Bullying, as a violent relational process, includes clinical signs of acute psychological suffering that often reveal the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress and traces of control mechanisms in the victim that are found in any emotional abuse. We have also focused our definition on two essential dimensions: adolescence and the group, and more particularly on taking into account adolescence as a time of narcissistic fragility and the reactivation of psychological problems, which often make it necessary to support a group of peers. This support appears all the more vital as these young people move away from their family group at the same time. In these circumstances, some adolescents, who are identified as having family and psychological vulnerabilities and who have difficulty positioning themselves in a group, may become easy prey and be subjected to violence. Without considering a typical bullied profile, the question of psychological vulnerabilities and in particular trauma, i.e. the appetite for repeated trauma and overexposure to potentially traumatic situations, is an interesting avenue. Conclusion. - The complexity of bullying lies in the superposition of family and individual factors. Like any violence, it has long-term effects, and it seems essential to offer specific care that makes it possible, in addition to alleviating suffering by providing support, to carry out a thorough analysis of the psychological issues underlying the establishment of a controlling relationship and its sustainability. The secondary prevention component, which includes specific care beyond primary prevention programs in schools, therefore seems important to us to develop. At the end of this article, we will detail the care support which combines the forum theatre method and a multi-family group that we suggest to the victims of bullying. (C) 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.