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    Relationship between defense styles, alexithymia, and personality in alcohol-dependent inpatients
    (W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC, 2012) Evren, Cuneyt; Cagil, Dilara; Ulku, Muge; Ozcetinkaya, Serap; Gokalp, Peykan; Cetin, Turan; Yigiter, Sera
    In the present study, the defense styles were assessed in alcohol-dependent patients to verify whether they used less adaptive defense mechanisms compared with healthy controls and to evaluate if immature defense styles (IDSs) are related with alexithymia, while controlling the effect of age, temperament, and character on this relationship in male alcohol-dependent inpatients. Participants were consecutively admitted 118 male alcohol-dependent inpatients and 60 healthy controls. Patients were investigated with the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Temperament and Character Inventory. The alcohol-dependent patients were using neurotic defense style, some IDSs (projection, acting out, splitting, and somatization) more, and the mature defense style humor less than the control group. Together with higher age, IDS discriminated alcohol dependents from the control group (higher age, acting out, and splitting and lower humor in the second regression model). Immature defense style was positively correlated with novelty seeking, harm avoidance, self-transcendence, difficulty in identifying feelings (DIF), difficulty in describing feelings, external oriented thinking, and total alexithymia score in the present study, whereas it was negatively correlated with self-directedness and cooperativeness. Mean scores of neurotic and IDS were higher in the alexithymic group than the nonalexithymic group, and alexithymia was correlated with some IDSs. Higher difficulty in describing feelings predicted mature defense style, higher harm avoidance and DIF predicted neurotic defense style, and lower cooperativeness and self-transcendence and higher DIF predicted IDS. These suggest that alcohol dependents are using maladaptive IDS more, which can be taken into account in the development of therapeutic programs for these patients. In addition, IDS seems to be related with alexithymia, particularly DIF factor, whereas low cooperativeness and high self-transcendence are significant covariants. Thus, these results could indicate the use of specific strategies in the clinical and psychotherapeutic management of patients with alexithymic feature and IDS. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Relationship of defense styles with history of childhood trauma and personality in heroin dependent inpatients
    (ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, 2012) Evren, Cuneyt; Ozcetinkaya, Serap; Ulku, Muge; Cagil, Dilara; Gokalp, Peykan; Cetin, Turan; Yigiter, Sera
    In the present study the defense styles were assessed in heroin dependent inpatients to verify whether they used less adaptive defense mechanisms compared to healthy controls and to evaluate if immature defense styles are related with childhood traumas, while controlling the effect of age, temperament and character on this relationship in male heroin dependent inpatients. Participants were consecutively admitted 109 male heroin dependent inpatients and 60 healthy controls. Patients were investigated with the Defense Style Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and Temperament and Character Inventory. Heroin dependent patients were using immature defense style more, particularly acting-out and splitting, than the control group. Together with lower age, immature defense style discriminated heroin dependents from control group (lower age, and higher devaluation and splitting in second regression model). Lower physical neglect score was related with a mature defense style, whereas higher cooperativeness (C) and self-transcendence (ST) were related with a neurotic defense style and lower reward dependence (RD), self-directedness (SD) and higher ST and emotional abuse were related with immature defense style. These suggest that heroin dependents are using maladaptive immature defense styles more, which can be taken into account in the development of therapeutic programs for these patients. Also, immature defense style may mediate the relationship between childhood emotional abuse and some personality dimensions (lower RD, SD and higher ST) in heroin dependent inpatients. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.