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    Discrimination of dwarf honey bee (Apis florea, Fabricius 1876) populations in Iran using elliptic Fourier wing cell shape analysis
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2018) Koca, Ayca Ozkan; Moradi, Mohammed G.; Deliklitas, Ozlem; Ucan, Amine; Kandemir, Irfan
    We investigated cell shape differentiation among Apis florea populations distributed in four states (Hormuzgan-Bushehr-Khuzestan-Ilam states) of Iran using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA - outline-based geometric morphometric analysis) on all forewing cells. Outline-based analysis was performed on all closed cells on the forewings of 114 A. florea colonies from 13 locations in Iran. According to the statistical analysis of each cell shape, the most efficient cells to discriminate populations were 2nd cubital, 3rd submarginal and marginal cells. Discriminant Function Analysis of Fourier coefficients (FCs) for each cell resulted in two clusters: southern A. florea populations from lower latitude (Hormuzgan state); and the rest of the populations from higher latitude (Ilam, Khuzestan, Bushehr state) with different differential discrimination values (1st submarginal cell=75.4%, 2nd submarginal cell=86.0%, 1st medial cell and 2nd medial cell=86.8%, marginal cell=88.6%, 3rd submarginal cell=90.4%, 2nd cubital cell=92.1%). This study showed that EFA has been functional and effective for distinguishing A. florea populations based on the wing cell shapes. The outline-based geometric morphometric applied in our study has been as successful as the other morphometric approaches such as standard morphometric and landmark-based geometric morphometric in previous studies. Se investigo la diferenciacion de las celdillas alares en poblaciones de Apis florea, distribuidas en cuatro estados (Hormuzgan, Bushehr, Khuzestan e Ilam) de Iran usando el analisis eliptico de Fourier (EFA, analisis de morfometria geometrica basada en trazos) de todas las celdillas de las alas anteriores. El analisis basado en trazos fue llevado a cabo en todas las celdillas cerradas de las alas anteriores de 114 colonias de A. florea en 13 localizaciones distintas de Iran. Segun el analisis estadistico de la forma de cada celdilla, las celdillas mas adecuadas para discriminar las poblaciones son la segunda cubital, la tercera submarginal y la celdilla marginal. Los coeficientes del analisis discriminativo de funciones de Fourier (FCs) para cada celdilla formaron dos clusteres: las poblaciones de A. florea del sur, de latitudes bajas (estado de Hormuzgan); y el resto de poblaciones de latitudes altas (Ilam, Khuzestan y Bushehr) con un diferente valor de discriminacion diferencial (1 celdilla submarginal = 75.4%, 2 celdilla submarginal = 86.0%, 1 celdilla media y 2 celdilla media = 86.8%, celdilla marginal = 88.6%, 3 celdilla submarginal = 90.4%, 2 celdilla cubital= 92.1%). Este estudio muestra que el EFA es util y efectivo para distinguir las poblaciones de A. florea basandose en la forma de sus celdillas alares. El analisis de la morfometria geometrica basada en trazos aplicado en nuestro estudio ha sido tan exitoso como otros metodos morfometricos utilizados en estudios previos, como la morfometria estandar y la morfometria geometrica basada en puntos.
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    Spatial genetics of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) from Turkey: Different gene pool architecture on either side of the Bosphorus?
    (ELSEVIER GMBH, 2019) Demirbas, Yasin; Albayrak, Irfan; Koca, Ayca Ozkan; Stefanovic, Milomir; Knauer, Felix; Suchentrunk, Franz
    We determined allelic variation at eleven microsatellite loci to study the effect of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles on the population genetic architecture of brown hares, Lepus europaeus, from Anatolia and Turkish Thrace in the southeastern most Balkans. The latter region was connected with Anatolia during periods of the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene (until ca. 8000 y BP) enabling natural gene flow. Following a recent mitochondrial (mt) DNA-based phylogeographic model that suggested unidirectional ancient gene flow from Anatolia to the SE Balkans, we expected lower genetic diversity in hares from Turkish Thrace than Anatolia. The Turkish Thrace population might have been established only relatively recently as natural northwestward expansion of a long existing Anatolian population. Alternatively, it might have received late Pleistocene or Holocene gene flow by hares from eastern Europe from north of the Black Sea, even after the formation of the marine barrier. This might have produced a notable genetic distinction between the hares from either side of the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. We found significantly lower allelic richness in hares from Turkish Thrace than Anatolia, very little genetic admixture in the Turkish Thrace population, and only one allele at low frequency in Turkish Thrace that was not observed in Anatolian hares. On the contrary, many alleles of Anatolian hares were not recovered in hares from Turkish Thrace. Nevertheless, genetic divergence (Fst, Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards distances, AMOVA) between the hares from either side of the current marine barrier was low (Fst values <10%). All findings accord to our initial hypothesis that the hares from Turkish Thrace represent merely a somewhat genetically depleted version of the Anatolian hares. Seemingly, no strong drift has occurred in the Turkish Thrace population since the break-up of the Holocene landbridge, and there is no indication of gene flow from other regions in (eastern) Europe into the Turkish Thrace population. Spatial genetic approaches and standard population genetics (BAPS, GENELAND, STRUCTURE, F-statistics, Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards distances) indicated significant spatial genetic differentiation of hares across Anatolia, but also on a very low level. Overall, our results are concordant with the latest mtDNA based model of ancient gene flow in hares only from Anatolia to the southeastern Balkans across the Pleistocene and early Holocene landbridge; this implies that most or all of the Balkans have been colonized by hares exclusively originating eventually from Anatolia. (C) 2018 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Saugetierkunde. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.