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Yayın Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Acetone Extracts of Usnea sp. against Mixed Cultures of Bacteria from Soak Liquor Samples and Tank Surfaces(Amer Leather Chemists Assoc, 2020) Berber, D.; Turkmenoğlu, Ipek; Sesal, Nuzhet CenkLong-term or improper use of antibacterial agents utilized in the soaking process has led to the resistance of some bacteria in the leather industry. New agents may be the solution to combat these antibacterial resistant bacteria in the soaking process. As a natural resource, lichens are known to have many biological activities. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the acetone extracts of several lichen species including Usnea sp. may have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against some Bacillus species, which were isolated from different soak liquor samples. In the present study, it was questioned whether the same bioactivities of acetone extracts of Usnea sp. can be seen in the mixed cultures of tank surface samples and pre-and main soak liquor samples, which were obtained from different tanneries. Although the extracts did not show noteworthy antibacterial effect against one of the tank surface samples (inhibition ratios; 6.5-16.22%), inhibition percentages were detected as 69.32 and 46.33 at the concentrations of 240 and 120 mu g/mL for the other tank surface sample. The anti-biofilm potential of the extracts was tested on the sample where the antibacterial activity of the extracts was not observed. One of the mixed culture of samples from the tank surface could not be inhibited by the extracts in terms of bacterial growth. However, the extracts were tested on this biofilm-forming sample and detected more than 50% inhibition. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited the growth of the mixed culture of bacteria from pre-soak liquor by the percentages of 78.96, 61.5, 51.3, 45.1, and 33.4 at the concentrations of 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15 mu g/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the same antibacterial efficacy could not be observed in the other mixed culture from presoak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery whereas this sample formed a biofilm structure. The mixed culture of samples from the main soaking process was inhibited by the extracts at the inhibition percentages of 62.13-78.17 at the concentrations of 240- 30 mu g/mL. Similar results were also obtained for the other sample (64.6-76.5%) from main soak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery. In conclusion, lichen extracts may have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against the mixed culture of bacteria from tank surface, pre-and main soak liquor samples and maybe alternatively utilized in the leather industry.Yayın Antibacterial Potency for Mimosa, Quebracho and Essential Oils of Origanum Species against Acinetobacter pittii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus cereus from Diabetic Foot Patient(Amer Leather Chemists Assoc, 2022) Berber, D.; Inanc, L.; Turkmenoğlu, L.; Toksöz, O.; Sesal, N. C.The diabetic patients may sometime suffer from foot lesions, foot ulcers and amputation that adversely affect their quality of life. In this respect, good footwear has a critical significance for diabetic foot patients. The aim of this study to evaluate the potential efficacy of mimosa, quebracho, and essential oils of Origanum onites, Origanum onites oleum, and Origanum minutiflorum, against Acinetobacter pittii, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was isolated from diabetic foot patient. According to our results, the mimosa extracts were slightly more efficient when compared to quebracho extracts to control the bacterial growth of A. pittii (8.77 +/- 0.58-35.12 +/- 8.41% inhibition for three doses), and K. pneumoniae (21.40 +/- 0.48-47.04 +/- 0.51% inhibition) except B. cereus (71.1 +/- 0.31-23.51 +/- 1.66% inhibition). But these inhibition percentages remained at lower levels. On the other hand, essential oil samples of O. onites, O. onites oleum, and O. minutiflorum at tested doses have considerably high antibacterial effects against A. pittii, B. cereus, and K. pneumoniae. The tested essential oils almost completely inhibited B. cereus with percentages of inhibition ranging from 96.18 +/- 2.98-100 +/- 0.00. Also, the bacterial growth of K. pneumoniae and A. pittii was inhibited by 88.01 +/- 2.36 to 100 +/- 0.00% and 71.42 +/- 12.57 to 100 +/- 0.00%, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils of O. onites, O. onites oleum, and O. minutiflorum, had bactericidal activity against A. pittii, and K. pneumoniae but bacteriostatic activity against B. cereus. This potency for essential oil of Origanum species may be evaluated for diabetic footwear. More detailed technical studies are required for the application of Origanum species to leather footwear.Yayın Antibacterial Properties of Several Lichen Extracts against Two Moderately Halophilic Bacteria from Salted Sheepskins(Amer Leather Chemists Assoc, 2022) Türkmenoğlu, I.; Toksöz, O.; Berber, D.; Caglayan, P.; Birbir, M.; Sesal, N. C.It is well known that possible undesirable defects in finished leathers can result from microbial activities on the salted raw hides/skins during storage. The traditionally used salt curing method can control bacterial activities on the raw stock, but it does not seem possible to completely eliminate microbial attacks. Moderately halophilic bacteria can cause serious damage to hides/skins. From this point of view, potential procedures such as applying new antibacterial agents in the leather industry should be considered. Since some lichen species have been indicated for their promising biological efficacies in the literature; most researchers have focused on their potencies in various fields including leather industry from ancient times. In this study, the bacterial growth of proteolytic and lipolytic Gram-negative moderately halophilic bacteria, Chromohalobacter canadensis (YN6) and Halomonas eurihalina (BL5), from salted sheepskin samples were tested with the extracts of Usnea sp., Plastismatia glauca, Ramalina farinacea, Evernia divaricata, Bryoria capillaris, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Lobaria pulmonaria. Some of these lichen species were found to be successful to inhibit the bacterial growth of C. canadensis (YN6) and H. eurihalina (BL5). In conclusion, lichen extracts may be utilized in stacked raw hides/skins in tanneries or warehouses to control moderately halophilic bacteria which causes several defects on leather.Yayın Antibacterial Properties of Several Lichen Extracts Two Moderately Halophilic Bacteria from Salted Sheepskins(American Leather Chemists Association, 2022) Türkmeno?lu, I.; Toksöz, O.; Berber, D.; Ça?layan, P.; Birbir, M.; Sesal, N.C.It is well known that possible undesirable defects in finished leathers can result from microbial activities on the salted raw hides/skins during storage. The traditionally used salt curing method can control bacterial activities on the raw stock, but it does not seem possible to completely eliminate microbial attacks. Moderately halophilic bacteria can cause serious damage to hides/skins. From this point of view, potential procedures such as applying new antibacterial agents in the leather industry should be considered. Since some lichen species have been indicated for their promising biological efficacies in the literature; most researchers have focused on their potencies in various fields including leather industry from ancient times. In this study, the bacterial growth of proteolytic and lipolytic Gram-negative moderately halophilic bacteria, Chromohalobacter canadensis (YN6) and Halomonas eurihalina (BL5), from salted sheepskin samples were tested with the extracts of Usnea sp., Plastismatia glauca, Ramalina farinacea, Evernia divaricata, Bryoria capillaris, Hypogymnia tubulosa, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Lobaria pulmonaria. Some of these lichen species were found to be successful to inhibit the bacterial growth of C. canadensis (YN6) and H. eurihalina (BL5). In conclusion, lichen extracts may be utilized in stacked raw hides/skins in tanneries or warehouses to control moderately halophilic bacteria which causes several defects on leather. © 2022 American Leather Chemists Association. All rights reserved.Yayın Identification of Slightly Halophilic Bacteria From Salted Sheepskin Samples and Investigation of Their Biotechnological Importance(Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, 2024) Yalcin, D.; Caglayan, P.; Berber, D.In the leather industry, skins/hides are salted immediately after the animal is slaughtered to prevent the enzymatic activities of bacteria. Although the salt-curing method prevents the growth of mesophilic bacteria, halophilic bacteria can develop in skins/hides that are stored for a long time, causing a decrease in leather quality. In the literature, it has been stated that slightly halophilic bacteria are isolated from products with a certain concentration of salt content. Since there is no study on the presence of these bacteria in salted raw hides, slightly halophilic bacteria were isolated and molecularly identified from ten sheepskin samples which were stored at 20°C for 6 months in our study. Also their biotechnologically important enzymes were evaluated, their bacteriocin production capacity was determined and the antibacterial efficacy of a chemical (sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate) used in the leather industry at certain concentrations were tested against these isolates. The total number of slightly halophilic bacteria, the total number of proteolytic slightly halophilic bacteria and the total number of lipolytic slightly halophilic bacteria in skin samples were determined as 1 x 104 – 4 x 105CFU/g, 2 x 103 – 4 x 104CFU/g and 1 x 102 – 3 x 104CFU/g, respectively. A total of 20 slightly halophilic bacteria were isolated from skin samples. Gram-positive and rod-shaped isolates showed optimum growth at 3-5% salt, 37°C-45°C and pH7-8. Protease, lipase, DNase, pullulanase, xylanase and cellulase produced by 100%, 61%, 83%, 11%, 44%, 88% isolates, respectively. In addition, oxidase and catalase activities were detected in all isolates. It has been determined that the isolates were able to produce acids from different sugar sources (D-xylose, D-mannose, D-ribose, sucrose) and can use amino acids (L-cysteine, L-glycine, L-alanine, L-threonine) found in the skin’s structure. According to the 16S rRNA sequence analysis results, the isolates belonged to the Bacillus genus (B. rugosus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. haynesii, B. aerius, B. safensis, B. pumilus, B. kochii, B. mojavensis and B. atrophaeus). Among all isolates producing bacteriocin, the bacteriocin produced by Bacillus aerius had a thermostable structure, did not lose its activity at high pH and salt values, completely inactivated its activity when treated with proteinase K enzyme, and had its antibacterial activity when treated with lipase enzyme. Therefore, considering that some species are resistant to antimicrobials, purified bacteriocins can be used as a preservative in the leather industry. The isolates were sensitive to tested chemical substance at a certain concentrations (4000, 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.2, 15.6, 7.8?g/mL) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were detected. The MIC values of the isolates were determined as as 62.5?g/mL (B. rugosus), 31.2?g/mL (B. haynesii, B. safensis, B. mojavensis) 15.6?g/mL (B. amyloliquefaciens, B. aerius, B. kochii) 7.8?g/mL (B. pumilus) and 3.9?g/mL (B. atrophaeus). In this way, unnecessary use of chemicals in the soaking process will be prevented. © 2024 Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists. All rights reserved.
