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Yayın Acute onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy following COVID-19(2022) Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Kendirli, Sude; Karşıdağ, Sibel; Şahin, Şevki; Çınar, NilgünThe cases of Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) have been reported following the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we describe a case that evolved from GBS to chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) after COVID-19 in terms of contributing to the literature due to its different aspects. In the cerebrospinal fluid examination of the acute onset mixed type polyneuropathy case, albuminocytological dissociation was not detected. The patient was given a loading dose and monthly maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for six months. Blood ferritin levels gradually decreased in parallel with clinical improvement. Four months after the IVIG treatment was terminated, the findings recurred and the CIDP was developed and IVIG treatment was continued. Long-term follow-up of postCOVID-19 GBS patients is important in terms of recurrence and chronicity. Ferritin level may be a biochemical marker in the clinical follow-up of these cases.Yayın Alzheimer hastalığına tip ııı diyabet denilebilir mi?(Hücre Ölümü Araştırma Derneği, 2018) Şahin, Şevki; Karşıdağ, Sibel; Çınar, Nigün; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Özünal, Zeynep GüneşAmaç: Güncel araştırmalarda, Alzheimer Hastalığı (AH) patojenezinden sorumlu tutulan amiloid beta ve hiperfosforile tau birikiminde, beyin insülin sinyalizasyonundaki bozulmanın katkısı olduğuna dair bilimsel kanıtlara ulaşılmıştır. Bu nedenle son yıllarda Tip III Diyabet (TIII D) kavramı altında toplanan bilgiler AH tedavisine yeni bir bakış açısı getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada konuya dair güncel bilgiler gözden geçirilerek bu kavramı destekleyen kanıta dayalı verilere ulaşılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: İnsülin, Alzheimer, diyabet kelimelerinin İngilizce yazılışı ile Pubmed® araması sonucunda elde edilen makaleler gözden geçirilmiştir. Bulgular: Anahtar kelimeleri içeren ilk makalenin 1983 yılında yayınlandığı görüldü. Nisan 1983-Nisan 2018 tarih aralığındaki toplam 1192 (461’i derleme) makaleye ulaşıldı. 1983 ve 2015, 2016, 2017 yıllarına ait makale sayısı sırası ile; 1, 129, 98, 152 idi. Makalelerde en sık patofizyoloji vurgulanırken (a. Beyin insülin düzeyinde ve reseptörlerinde azalma b. Beyin glukoz kullanımında azalmaya bağlı nöron endoplazmik retikulumundaki protein sentezinde bozulma c. İnsülin direncine bağlı öncelikle hipokampal nöron mitokondrilerinde başlayan artmış oksidatif stres), son iki yılda tedaviye yönelik araştırmalar ön plana çıkmıştır. Tedavi araştırmalarında a. Glukagon benzeri peptit (GBP) reseptör agonistleri b. İntranazal insülin c. Beyin natriüretik faktör ve d. Leptin ile yapılan çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Sonuç: AH’nin patojenejizindeki diyabete benzer mekanizmaya dair bilgiler 1983 yılından itibaren hızla artış göstermiştir. Bu bilgiler AH’ye TipIII D denebileceğini destekler niteliktedir. İnsülinin nöronal sinyalizayondaki ve endoplazmik retikulumdaki protein sentezi üzerindeki etkisini daha net aydınlatacak -genetik ve çevresel etkileri de içeren- ileri çalışmaların tedaviye büyük katkıları olabilir.Yayın A case of poststreptococcal acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy(Maltepe Tıp Dergisi, 2018) Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Şahin, Şevki; Çınar, Nilgün; Karşıdağ, SibelThe characteristic of the typical Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an ascending symmetrical and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) is a less common variant of GBS. Here, we describe an atypical AMSAN case developed after a beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. Also, repeated electrophysiological test findings were discussed.Yayın Does a relationship exist between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-tolymphocyte ratio and sarcopenia in Alzheimer's disease?(Opast Group, 2019) Çınar, Nigün; Şahin, Şevki; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Karşıdağ, SibelAim: The prevalence of sarcopenia is higher in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) when compared with subjects with normal cognition. Easy-to-use screening tools can make it easier to reach the diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate inflammatory markers such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in AD cases with or without sarpcopenia. Materials and Methods: Seventy-four possible AD cases who were resident in nursing home were included in to cross-sectional study. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), muscle mass index (MMI), and fat free mass index (FFMI) were assessed with electronic body composition analyzer. Short physical performance battery (SPPB), mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) and hand grip strength test were used for mobile patients. Calf circumference and mid-arm circumference were used for immobile patients. A diagnosis of sarcopenia was established according to the ‘European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People’ criterias. NLR and PLR were calculated as the ratio of the neutrophil count to lymphocyte count, and platelet count to lymphocyte count, respectively. Findings of AD cases with and without sarcopenia were compared according to NLR and PLR ratios. Results: The sarcopenia rate was found to be 48%. Significantly higher NLR and PLR values were found in sarcopenic group. NLR were found to be negatively correlated with FFMI, while PLR were found negativeliy correlated with both FFMI and MNA. Conclusion: It was found that NLR and especially PLR values are significantly related to sarcopenia in AD. Evaluation of NLR and PLR may be useful for sarcopenia screening.Yayın Evaluation of axillary nerve integrity and shoulder functions in patients who underwent lateral deltoid splitting approach(SelSistem, 2020) Ünal, Ömer Kays; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Dağtaş, Mirza Zafer; Üğütmen, EnderAim: The most common complication of the Lateral deltoid splitting approach (LDSA), which is used in the shoulder area, especially for posterior extension fractures and other soft tissue pathologies, is axillary nerve injury. Determining the frequency of nerve injuries that may occur after LDSA is decisive for the applicability of this approach. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to evaluate the axillary nerve integrity and shoulder functions in patients who underwent LDSA. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 55 patients who were operated with LDSA for proximal humerus fractures between February 2015 and July 2018 were evaluated. Among these patients, 35 were selected and included in the study. Six months later Electrophysiological tests (Electroneuromyelography – ENMG) and Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) were used for evaluation of each operated and non-operated shoulder. CSS difference between the operated and non-operated sides was graded as mild (11-20 point), moderate (21-30) and severe (>30). Results: Mean age of the group was 66 (9) years. Twenty-five patients were female and 10 were male. Mean follow-up time was 4 (1) years. Mean latencies of axillary nerve were 4.6 (1.8) msn, 3.7 (0.54) msn and mean amplitudes of axillary nerve were 6.6 (2.21) mV, 8.4 (2.80) mV in the operated and non-operated shoulders, respectively. There was no statically significant difference between the operated and non-operated sides according to latency and amplitude (latency P=0.25, amplitude P=0.16). Mean CSS of the patients were 28.7. CSS of 12 patients were severe (mean: 39.08), 18 patients, moderate (mean 25.4) and 5 patients, mild (mean 16). There was no statically significant correlation between CSS and axillary nerve latency / amplitude (P= 0.62, r=0.267 / P=0.98, r=-0.339). Fracture type and CSS showed a statically significant correlation (P=0.032, r= 0.829). Conclusion: This study revealed that LDSA provides wide and versatile fracture control without compromising the deltoid muscle functions and axillary nerve, especially in fractures extending to the posterior part of the proximal humerus.Yayın Impact of care conditions on the caregiver's quality of life in cases with alzheimer’s disease(Maltepe Üniversitesi, 2020) Çınar, Nilgün; Şahin, Şevki; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Karşıdağ, SibelAim: The quality of life (QoL) of caregivers of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients shows individual variability. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the variability of caregiver burden under differing cases of AD care conditions. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 321 AD caregivers were selected. The primary caregivers of the patient - who were volunteers in our study - are divided into three groups as; Group I: home care (n:111), Group II: day-care center (n:99), Group III: nursing home care (n:111). Patients were classified according to the clinical dementia rating scale (CDR) and evaluated by and Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). Beck anxiety scale (BAS), Beck depression scale (BDS), World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment short version (WHOQOLBREF), Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZCBI) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied to all caregivers. Results: According to average age, group III was significantly older than others. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of duration of patient care. BDS was significantly higher in group III. WHOQOL-BREF score was significantly lower in group III and CMAI score was significantly higher in group III. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of ZCBI. Conclusion: Our results revealed that day-care centers play a meaningful role in reducing the stress of caregivers and increasing their QoL. Low-income, chronic diseases of the caregivers, and aggressiveness their patients are the most important factors affecting the caregiver’s QoL.Yayın Isolated metamorphopsia: A rare presentation of splenial infarction of the corpus callosum(Amaltea Medical Publishing House, 2018) Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Şahin, Şevki; Çınar, Nigün; Akıngöl, Ziya; Karşıdağ, SibelMetamorphopsia is the visual misperception of the shape of objects. Retinal diseases, especially those affecting the macula, are responsible for the majority of cases. However, it can also be seen during migraine attacks, epileptic seizures and damage to visual pathways in the brain.Infarction in the splenium of the corpus callosum may cause visual agnosia, prosopometamorphopsia, alexia and amnesia. We describe here a case of isolated metamorphopsia caused by splenial infarction in the absence of any other neurological symptoms.Yayın Neuropsychiatric effects of Covid-19 pandemic on Alzheimer’s disease: a comparative study of total and partial lockdown(Kare Publishing, 2022) Çınar, Nilgün; Şahin, Şevki; Karşıdağ, Sibel; Karali, Fenise Selin; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Gönül, Özge; Okluoğlu, Tuğba; Eren, Fettah; Bülbül, Nazlı Gamze; Yılmaz Okuyan, Dilek; Totuk, Özlem; Acıman Demirel, Esra; Karacan Gölen, Meltem; Yıldırım, Zerrin; Erhan, Hamdi; Arıca Polat, Büşra Sümeyye; Ergin, Nesrin; Kobak Tur, Esma; Akdoğan, ÖzlemAmaç: Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)’a bağlı olarak yaşanan kapanma süreçleri Alzheimer Hastalarının nöropsikiyatrik durumu üzerinde olumsuz bir etkiye sahip olabilir. Bu çalışmada, Alzeimer Hastalarının tam ve kısmi karantina dönemlerindeki nöropikiyatrik durumları değerlendirilerek geleceğe yönelik çıkarımların bulunması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmamız prospektif, kesitsel ve çok merkezli bir çalışma olup; Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerindeki polikliniklerce en az bir yıldır takip edilen Alzheimer Hastalarıyla yapılmıştır. Sosyo-demografik bilgiler, komorbidite, mobilite ile tam kapanma ve kısmi kapanma sürecindeki sosyal etkileşim düzeyi, Klinik Demans Değerlendirme (CDR) Ölçeği ve Nöropsikiyatrik Envanter’e (NPI) ilişkin bilgiler bakımverenler ile dolduruldu. Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 302 Alzheimer Hastası (ortalama yaş: 78±8 yıl, ortalama eğitim süresi: 5,8±9 yıl) dahil edildi. En sık eşlik eden hastalığın hipertansiyon olmak üzere, toplam komorbidite oranı %84 olarak bulundu. NPI skorlarının ortalaması tam kapanmada 22,9±21 ve kısmi kapanmada 17,7±15 olup gruplar arasındaki farkın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu bulundu. Kapanma süreleri ve cinsiyete göre NPI puanlarının toplam puanları ile karşılaştırıldığında, tam kapanmada sosyal etkileşimlerin varlığı, mobilite ve komorbiditelerin etkisi kısmi kapanmaya göre daha yüksek bulundu. Tam kapanmadan kısmi sokağa çıkma yasağına geçildiğinde, komorbiditeler, mobilite ve CDR'ın NPI puanları üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu bulundu. Regresyon analizinde, her iki kapanma süresi için de Alzheimer Hastalarının nöropsikiyatrik durumu üzerinde en etkili parametrenin CDR puanı olduğu bulundu. Sonuç: Kapanma ile ilgili kısıtlamalar azaltıldığında, Alzheimer Hastalarının nöropsikolojik durumları önemli ölçüde iyileşti. Kapanma kuralları bu veriler göz önünde bulundurularak düşünülmelidir. (SETB-2021-12-375)Yayın A new etiology for variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome: bariatric surgery(Prusa Medical Publishing, 2019) Şahin, Şevki; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Çınar, Nilgün; Karşıdağ, SibelBariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity. However, the number of acute or chronic neurological complications after bariatric surgery, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, is increasingly reported. We present here two cases which developed acute motor sensory polyneuropathy a couple months after bariatric surgery which rapidly progressed over the following month. Both patients used received parenteral vitamin B complex replacement after surgery. The first case responded well to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment. However, the second case required plasmapheresis and physical rehabilitation for recovery after IVIg treatment. It is thought that minerals, vitamins, and trace element deficiencies can develop after bariatric surgery. These deficiencies may trigger inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms and cause acute polyneuropathies. In such cases, it should be kept in mind that immune therapies may be beneficial, as well as vitamins.Yayın P92-T Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy followed bariatric surgery: Report of two cases(Elsevier, 2019) Şahin, Şevki; Karşıdağ, Sibel; Çınar, Nilgün; Ateş, Miruna FlorentinaBackground Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity. However, the number of neurological complications including polyneuropathies after bariatric surgery is increasingly reported. Case reports Case1. A 27-year-old female underwent a sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and was discharged on a special diet including parenteral B vitamins. Three months later she developed a weakness in both lower limbs progressively increased. The electro-neuromyography (ENMG) showed a severe amplitude reduction in both motor and sensory nerves. It was thought to be a case of AMSAN. Vitamin B1, B6, B12 levels and metabolic tests were normal. Intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) was started 0.4?g/kg/day for 5?days and 2?g/kg/month for 6 consecutive months. Her condition improved in 6?months. Case2. A 19-year-old male was submitted to a SG, 4?months before. He had numbness and pain in his legs and hands for 2?weeks. Weakness in the lower extremities started gradually ascended over the following days. Biochemical analyses were normal. His ENMG verified the diagnosis of AMSAN. IVIG was started at same dose for 5?days. However, his muscle strength reduced to distal part of the extremities. Plasma exchange (PE) started 5 times on alternate days. Physiotherapy was started after PE for 6?weeks. At his last examination his condition was nearly normal. Discussion Micronutational deficiencies which cannot be monitored can trigger processes of inflammatory neuropathy in SE cases. Our cases showed that IVIG and PE should be kept in mind as a reliable treatment option for subacute polyneuropathies caused by bariatric surgery.Yayın Ptosis and covid-19: an unusual initial finding(Physicians Postgraduate Press, 2021) Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Karşıdağ, SibelThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by novel coronavirus was reported as a neurotropic virus.1 The literature suggests that Guillain Barre syndrome, isolated cranial neuropathies, encephalopathy, encephalitis, myopathy, myositis, myasthenia gravis, and stroke were reported related with COVID-19.2 In this report, a COVID-19 case with hemiptosis is presented.Yayın Sepsisle ilişkili ensefalopati: olgu sunumu ve literatürün gözden geçirilmesi(Maltepe Tıp Dergisi, 2017) Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Şahin, Şevki; Çınar, Nilgün; Karşıdağ, SibelSepsis ile ilişkili ensefalopati (SİE) santral sinir sisteminin sepsisle tetiklenen bir bozukluğudur. Patojenezinde sepsis sırasında kan beyin bariyeri hasarı ve serebral mikrodolaşıma inflamatuvar sitokinlerin geçmesi suçlanmaktadır. Burada 85 yaşında kadın hastada ürosepsis sonrası gelişen nörolojik bulguların ışığında SİE’ye ait bilgilerin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yayın Sjögren sendromunda nörolojik tutulum: olgular temelinde gözden geçirme(Rabia Yılmaz, 2018) Ateş, Miruna FlorentinaSjögren sendromu (SS), gözyaşı ve tükürük bezlerini tutan kronik otoimmün vaskülitik bir hastalıktır. SS’de santral sinir sistemi %1.5– 20, periferik sinir sistemi ise %10 oranında etkilenebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada santral sinir sisteminin farklı bölümlerinin etkilendiği SS tanılı beş kadın olgunun klinik -nöroradyolojik bulguları ile tedaviye yanıtları güncel literatür bilgileri eşliğinde sunulmuştur.Yayın Thymoma and limbic encephalitis: a dangerous liaison(Physicians Postgraduate Press, 2018) Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Şahin, Şevki; Çınar, Nilgün; Bozdemir, Meral; Karşıdağ, SibelTo the Editor: Limbic encephalitis may have various causes and be associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders.1 Our knowledge of viral etiology, including herpes simplex virus, is quite advanced, but in autoimmune cases, our knowledge is still limited. A 72-year-old man was admitted to our outpatient clinic for sudden-onset amnesia and confusion that had lasted for more than 2 weeks. The symptoms manifested 15 days previously as a result of a psychologically stressful situation, and he was unable to find his way home. According to relatives, he had been staring at a fixed point for 2 minutes at a time and had a conversation with his deceased mother. These episodes were repeated several times during the same day. His medical history included mild heart failure and benign prostatic hyperplasia. He had been treated with indapamide, acetylsalicylic acid, and alfuzosin for hypertension and benign prostate hypertrophy. During the neurologic examination, his personal and place orientation were found to be normal despite temporal disorientation. His speech included word perseverations. His standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)3 score was 21/30 (2 points lost for orientation, 3 for attention and calculation, 2 for recall, and 2 for language). Perseverations in Luria alternating motor sequences and clock drawing tests and planning errors were also present, suggesting executive dysfunction and mild cognitive impairment. Results of the examination of pyramidal, extrapyramidal, cerebellar, and sensory systems were found to be within normal limits. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hyperintensities in bilateral mesial temporal lobes (Figure 1). His electroencephalogram showed bitemporal neuronal hyperexcitability. No fever was present, and blood chemistry analysis including blood count was unremarkable. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed protein and glucose levels within normal limits with no inflammatory cells. Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 IgG and IgM antibodies examined by the polymerase chain reaction test were negative. The diagnosis was limbic encephalitis associated with cognitive impairment and epilepsy. The patient was given intravenous prednisolone 1,000 mg/d for 5 days followed by oral prednisolone at a dose of 16 mg per/d. In addition, valproic acid 1,000 mg/d was started orally. The limbic encephalitis antibody panel of plasma and CSF showed leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) positivity. Abdomen and thorax computed tomography (CT) scans were performed. A round mass lesion was found in the retrosternal area on the thorax CT scan. Examination results of acetylcholine receptor antibodies and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase in peripheral blood were negative. An anterior thoracotomy was performed, and the mediastinal mass was removed. The pathological examination showed type B2 thymoma (cortical thymoma).Our final diagnosis established anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis related to thymoma according to the 2018 ICD-10-CM diagnosis code G04.81 (other encephalitis-limbic). Oral prednisolone was discontinued because a second brain MRI showed regression in lesions 6 weeks after surgery. At the 6-month follow-up visit, the patient showed none of the previous symptoms and was given no immune treatment. His MMSE score had improved to 25/30 (2 points lost for attention and calculation, 1 for recall, and 2 for language). His score improved due to better orientation and recall. Valproic acid was prescribed to be used for at least 1 year. LGI1 is a secreted synaptic protein that organizes ?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors of glutamate.4 LGI1 antibodies are associated with thymoma in a ratio < 5% and even less with other cancers. Anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis can cause memory dysfunction and seizures. In this disorder, the most affected brain area is the medial temporal lobe. In addition, hyponatremia is common in these cases.5 Thymomas are commonly associated with myasthenia gravis.6 However, this case highlights that thymomas may also be related to limbic encephalitis.Yayın Validation and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Everyday Cognition – 12 (t- ecog) scale(TÜBİTAK, 2019) Çınar, Nilgün; Karali, Fenise Selin; Şahin, Şevki; Ateş, Miruna Florentina; Karşıdağ, SibelBackground: Assessing the activities of daily living (ADL) is important in cognitive impairment. The everyday cognition scale includes 12 items (ECog-12). It evaluates complex ADLs and executive functions. This scale can differentiate healthy elderly people from the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as well as MCI from dementia patients. Our aim is to validate a Turkish version of ECog-12. Methods: The study group was consisted of 40 healthy elders, 40 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 40 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In addition to T-ECog-12, test - your memory- Turkish version (TYM-TR), geriatric dementia scale (GDS), the Blessed orientation memory concentration (BOMC), and Katz ADL tests were administered to all participants for concurrent validity. Results: Cronbach’s alpha test showed excellent internal consistency (0.93). When T-ECog-12 was compared to the other tests, strong positive correlations were found between the GDS and BOMC; in addition strong negative correlations were found between Katz ADL and TYM-TR scale. ECog-12 was found to be sensitive in differentiating healthy individuals from individuals with dementia (AD and MCI) (AUC=.82, Cl=.74-.89). It was found to have low sensitivity in discriminating between MCI and healthy individuals (AUC=.52, Cl=.42-.63). Conclusion: T-ECog-12 was found to be reliable and valid for Turkish population. This scale is reliable and effective in diagnostic distinguishing healthy individuals from dementia.Yayın Validation and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Neuroquality of Life (Neuro-QoL)-Stigma Scale for neurological disorders(TÜBİTAK, 2019) Karşıdağ, Sibel; Çınar, Nilgün; Şahin, Şevki; Kotevoğlu, Nurdan; Ateş, Miruna FlorentinaBackground/aim: Stigma can be defined as a negative perception of chronically ill patients by their relatives or by society, or a similar self-perception by the patients themselves. We aimed to validate the Turkish version of the Neuroquality of Life (Neuro-QoL)-Stigma Scale for neurologic diseases. Materials and methods: Forms were filled out by a total of 152 randomized patients under regular follow-up in the outpatient clinic (29 polyneuropathy, 25 epilepsy, 23 stroke, 24 tension-type headache, 28 multiple sclerosis, 27 Parkinson disease). The forms consisted of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), WHOQOL-BREF quality of life scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale, and the Neuro-QoL-Stigma scale. Results: The internal consistency of the Neuro-QoL-Stigma scale showed Cronbach’s ? coefficients of 0.95 for all groups. The mean scores of the stigma scales were 33.42 ± 13.91 (min–max: 24–87). There were strong negative correlations between high stigma scores and GSE-T, MSPSS-T, and WHOQOL-BREF, and a positive correlation with the BDI and BAI. Conclusion: The Turkish version of Neuro-QoL-Stigma has satisfactory content validity and high internal consistency. Neuro-QoL-Stigma is suitable for understanding stigmatization in different neurological disorders in the Turkish population. The scale is available for use at http://www.healthmeasures.net/explore-measurement-systems/neuro-qol.Yayın What can be the cause of hypoglossal nerve palsy?(BMJ Journals, 2020) Karşıdağ, Sibel; Ateş, Miruna FlorentinaWhat can be the cause of hypoglossal nerve palsy?
